The ownership structure up to the ultimate beneficial owners is proven by electronic excerpts from relevant registers or securities accounts.
If the corporate ownership structure up to the ultimate beneficial owners who are natural persons was evidenced by electronic excerpts, it would be possible to verify the accuracy of the submitted ownership structure while keeping the costs related to the corporate structure evidencing at a reasonable level.
Sources:
- Frank Bold: Governance, transparency and public participation in transport infrastructure Projects, 2014, p. 33
- Public Money and Corruption Risks – A Comparative Analysis, Frank Bold, 2013, p. 31 - 39, 77 - 78
- Anticorruption Endowment / Public Against Corruption, Initiative End to Corruption – Proposal for abolition of anonymous paper shares, 2011, [online]
- Vondráček, O., Electronic securities – Transparency of Corporate Ownership Structures, Auditorium, 2013, p. 48
- Vondráček, O., Havrda, M., 21 recipes – Anti-corruption cookbook, Recipe 17: Disclosing ultimate beneficial owners of companies receiving public funds, December 2013
More about methodology
Justification and sources